Tag: text
Chain of Thought prompting
2026-02-23 math prompting text In domains like math and software engineering, it seems advantageous to have models "think" through their answers, step by step. Giving the model a few-shot prompt with examples of chain-of-thought reasoning seems useful in pushing it to generate such reasoning itself. Access: $ Basic
The Well-Actually Test
2026-02-16 alignment evaluation hallucination text tools GPT Language models may produce untrue output either by failing to accurately represent training data, or, more insidiously, by accurately representing human misconceptions embedded in the training data. The TruthfulQA benchmark attempts to measure the latter effect. But does it raise insurmountable philosophical problems? Access: Free account (logged in)
Truthiness-focused search
2026-02-09 LLaMA evaluation hallucination sampling text It appears that the earlier, shallower layers of a transformer-type language model learn syntax, and later, deeper layers learn factual information. So can we boost factual accuracy by boosting the effect of deeper layers? I take the view that that's analogous to dosing the model with a mind-altering drug. Access: $$$ Pro
Betting on sycophancy
2026-01-26 evaluation hallucination text Chat models have a well-known tendency toward sycophancy: affirming the user's beliefs, even when the user is wrong. But this effect is confounded with several other effects. In this paper the authors attempt to isolate sycophancy by framing questions as a zero-sum game or bet between two humans. Access: $ Basic
Memorization and generalization
2026-01-19 memorization text theory training How much arbitrary information, like random bits, can a language model memorize during training? This paper suggests the answer is 3.6 bits per parameter. Access: Free account (logged in)
Quantization and truthfulness
2026-01-05 quantization basics hallucination logic text Quantization is rounding off, an important class of techniques for saving space and computation in the use of machine learning models. As well as reviewing the general topic of quantization and floating-point numbers, I discuss experiments on the question of how quantization affects truthfulness, the factual accuracy of answers returned by quantized language models. Access: $ Basic
The BLEU sausage
2025-12-29 translation evaluation text tools Every paper has an "evaluation" table showing how the paper's new idea gives greater numbers than previous work in the same domain; but where do those numbers actually come from? Here we look at BLEU, a classic measurement for evaluating the quality of machine translation. Access: $ Basic
Qwen3 introduction
2025-12-22 Qwen alignment model-intro text Overview and introduction for the Qwen3 family of open-weights language models from AliBaba, introduced in May 2025. Access: Free account (logged in)
Huffman to Byte Pair
2025-11-24 basics text tokenization Introduction to two data compression concepts, one of which is commonly used for LLM input: Huffman and byte pair encoding. Access: Free account (logged in)
Watermarking LLM output
2025-11-17 copyright sampling security text If we're running an LLM service, maybe we don't want users to be able to pass off the model's output as human-written. A simple modification to the search can make the text easily recognizable as LLM output, without disrupting the content or (legitimate) usefulness of the text very much. But will it withstand intelligent attack? Access: $$$ Pro
Quick look: Injective LLMs
2025-11-05 math prompting sampling text theory meta Brief thoughts on the "Injective and invertible LLMs" paper that is making the rounds. My general view on it is negative. Access: Free account (logged in)
Goldfish loss
2025-10-27 training theory text Apertus copyright memorization It may be a problem for text models to generate exact quotes from training data. This paper looks at a simple modification to the training loss function, intended to prevent models from being able to generate exact quotes. The technique was adopted by the recent Apertus models in their pursuit of "compliance." Access: Free account (logged in)
Apertus model intro
2025-10-13 alignment model-intro text Apertus Qwen The Apertus project released two language models in September 2025 that aim to be "sovereign models" embedding Swiss values: in the whitepaper's words they seek to democratize "open and compliant LLMs for global language environments." I dig into what that means, and describe my own experience with the models. Access: $ Basic
Quis custodiet reward models
2025-09-29 alignment training text LLaMA Gemma Large language models are "aligned" using smaller, specially trained reward models. These are often secret, and poorly studied even if public. This paper opens the door to exploring reward models by asking them about their values. Access: Free account (logged in)
LLaMA introduction
2025-09-22 model-intro text LLaMA Facebook's entry into the LLM game: the first "open" version of LLaMA from 2023. This is a fairly conventional Transformer-type architecture, influential on the field because it created pressure for everybody to release weights of their announced models. Access: $$$ Pro
Ineffable prompts
2025-09-15 prompting fine-tuning text alignment How do we get models to do what we want? At one extreme, we might pre-train or fine-tune an entire model for a given task. At the other, we might use an existing model and tell it with words - that is, in a prompt - what to do. This paper represents a position in between those two extremes: prompt the model using not words but optimized vectors of hidden layer activations. These can be more expressive and carefully tailored than a prompt restricted to words. Access: $ Basic
Data for testing logical inference
2025-09-08 training tools text logic This short paper introduces a dataset, or software for generating such, to test language models' handling of chains of logical inference Access: $ Basic
What's a Model?
2025-09-01 alignment basics theory text Gemma hallucination What do we actually mean when we talk about a "model"? Where do they come from? How much do they cost? What are prompts, loss functions, and fine-tuning? This extra-long introductory talk covers some of the basic concepts in the AI landscape, with a special focus on chatbots. Access: Public
Rotary Position Encoding
2025-08-18 basics text AIAYN tokenization I review position encoding - why it's needed, and how classic Transformers do it - and then go in detail into the Rotary Positioning Embedding (RoPE) enhancement to position encoding. RoPE is widely used in recent large language models. Access: $ Basic
Believable sampling with Mirostat
2025-08-11 basics text sampling It's often hard to choose the right sampling parameters for language generation. This paper introduces Mirostat, a technique for adaptively choosing the value of "k" in top-k sampling to give easier and more consistent control over the information density of the output. Access: $ Basic
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